Cucumber Benefits

Cucumber is one amongst the established developed harvests, accepted to have started in the Indian landmass. It has thin to darkish green shading, skinny pores and skin, dampness thriving tissue with small eatable seeds interior, what's more, is delighted in best in plates of mixed greens, else as a fluid. It has a gentle, invigorating taste and an excessive water which helps maintain your body hydrous, and the low calorie pleased to put it on an excellent alternative to a weight diminishing consume less calories. Give a chance to perceive the attainablemedical advantages of cucumber to save our bodies in high form. 1) Hydration:-Comprising largely of water, and concerning essential electrolytes, cucumbers will facilitate stop drying out throughout the sweltering summer months. Adding together cucumber and spearmint to water will boom water utilization by means of making it greater appealing to drink. Dehydration is vital for numerous stuff together with keeping up a sound digestive tract, stopping constipation, and maintaining excretory organ stones. 2) Stop Constipation:– Take in cucumber for your day by day diet routine. Stomach related issues in the express of indigestion, gastritis, acidity and ulcers may be cured by devouring cucumber. Cucumbers have plenty of water, and their skin can hold a high quantity of infusible fibre. Water and fibre both assist food to travel with the stomachrelated tract speedier and all the more effectively, allows indigestion. 3) Diabetes:– Cucumbers are additionally a powerful treatment for diabetes. In Cucumber squeeze there are hormones which are wanted by the pancreas for generating insulin. 4) Skin Blessings of Cucumber:– One of the best advantages of cucumber is rejuvenating quality for the skin. Specialists suggest cucumber squeeze since oxide extent for a more beneficial and sparkling skin. Cucumber's excessive water volume can label it normally hydrous, and it's acknowledging that wetness is the fine pal to sound skin. a.Revives Skin:– The crucial skin advantages of cucumber are that it allows for reviving the skin. Cucumber can be utilizedon even the touchiest skin. It's calming, cooling properties can take care of pores, what's more, it holdstotally no arrogant elements or chemical compounds. Facial covers bearing cucumber fluid are useful forskin modification. b. Inverts Skin Tanning:– Cucumber's invigorating and skin-fixing impacts build it a superb normal skin toner. You couldutilize the squeeze of a cucumber or dilute it with water to apply as a toner to take away oil. In the meantime, an excessive quantity of water in cucumber will maintain your skin wet and flexible. c. Calms Sunburn:– Cucumber might be an inborn and mellow approach to deal with sunburn.Cucumber essence is abundancein vitamins, particularly water-soluble vitamin, which, being cell reinforcement kills the unsafe free radicals created by UV beams throughout the solar exposure, in this way lowering melanin generation and fetch on the spot remedy as it gives assistance to pull the heat energy out of your body. You need only spread the pices of cucumber to the pervaded regions and wait for about fifteen minutes.Now use a light lotion to re-hydrate your blazed pores and skin. d. Diminishes Dark Circles:– Utilizing cucumber cuts around the eyes may diminish the advent of dark circles rapidly. The adequacy of cell reinforcements and oxide in cucumber will facilitate in gradually blurring darkcircles. Cucumber solaces arteries around your eyes; thus allow delivering again its ordinary tint. Simply puts two cucumber cuts on each eye and take a rest for about 15 to 20 minutes. e. AN anti-ageing facial mask:-The water-soluble vitamin and caffeic corrosive in cucumbers go about as cell reinforcementswhich may facilitate to moderate the presence of the indications of maturing. To prepare anincredible do-it-yourself against maturing face veil, blend two teaspoons of ordinary yoghurt with a large portion of puree made of cucumber. Now make it into a thick blend, observe on your skin and wait for about 15 minutes before purging with heat water. On one hand the hostile to oxidants properties in the cucumber will battle the indications of maturing, on the other hand, yoghurt will lightly shed your skin. 5. As Hair Conditioner:-In case of you like swimming, you may bear in mind of the dangerous outcomes of which an irritant will occur on your hair after some time. You must realize that cucumber function amazing to re-condition your broken hair. You should require: 0.25 th peeled cucumber One particular tablespoon vegetable oilOne particular egg Mix the peeled cucumber with the egg and vegetable oil provides it with an impact till it transforms into glue. Propagate the ensuing combination equally and easily all through the broken hair and abandon it on for a quarter-hour. Wash out completely prior absorbing.In case you are a well-regulated swimmer continue doing this remedy as a minimum at one time every month. 6. Cucumber for hair:– Cucumbers are the great supply of oxide, an important mineral for hair which can build hair strong and shiny. The excessive silicon and sulfur present in cucumber squeeze may additionally encourage quicker hair growth. Follow cucumber squeeze to your scalp, abandon it for about 15-20 minutes and rinse it off with a decent cleanser. This exceptional low-calorie fruit has greater vitamins to provide than simply water and electrolytes. Cucumber carries nearly all the vitamins needed for a balanced weight-reduction plan that assistance to keep up a sound body as well as lift numerous different procedures. Thus rejoice in its many blessings and carry on with a sound life. Â  

Ratio analysis can help in measuring business performance and setting objectives/ goals Essay

Ratios are calculated from an organisation’s financial statements and are an effective business tool in measuring its performance. By comparing the ratios to those of the previous year it is possible to determine whether a business is doing better this year than last year. It is also possible to compare ratios of one organisation against those of another in a similar industry. This helps identify areas in which one business is either under performing or indeed is out performing another. Undertaking ratio analysis and making comparisons to market leaders within your industry will help focus on areas which require attention. By carefully selecting the most suitable ratios business owners and managers can use the results to gain a better understanding of how their organisation is performing. The same ratios can also be used to set future targets. Ratios are calculated from an organisation’s financial statements and are an effective business tool in measuring its performance. By comparing the ratios to those of the previous year it is possible to determine whether a business is doing better this year than last year. It is also possible to compare ratios of one organisation against those of another in a similar industry. This helps identify areas in which one business is either under performing or indeed is out performing another. Undertaking ratio analysis and making comparisons to market leaders within your industry will help focus on areas which require attention. By carefully selecting the most suitable ratios business owners and managers can use the results to gain a better understanding of how their organisation is performing. The same ratios can also be used to set future targets. Ratios are calculated from an organisation’s financial statements and are an effective business tool in measuring its performance. By comparing the ratios to those of the previous year it is possible to determine whether a business is doing better this year than last year. It is also possible to compare ratios of one organisation against those of another in a similar industry. This helps identify areas in which one business is either under performing or indeed is out performing another. Undertaking ratio analysis and making comparisons to market leaders within your industry will help focus on areas which require attention. By carefully selecting the most suitable ratios business owners and managers can use the results to gain a better understanding of how their organisation is performing. The same ratios can also be used to set future targets.

Van Gogh’s Starry Night

Despite my limited knowledge about art, its components, and the artists who create their masterpieces, Vincent Van Sago's The Starry Night is probably my favorite piece of artwork in the textbook. I love this painting and chose it because to me, this piece of work is so serene yet captivating and stimulating at the same time. I believe that if a piece of art can evoke that many emotions in a person, then it is truly a masterpiece. I actually have a replica of The Starry Night hanging in my house, which as another reason why I chose to discuss this particular painting.One of my favorite aspects about Van Sago's work is the lines depicted and painted in the art. I think that is the main element that makes The Starry Night so unique and beautiful. Van Gogh uses colorful and curvy lines in an energetic and stimulating way. The color used in this piece of art is also a powerful element included . I think that the colors Van Gogh chose to use are genius because it makes the painting more r ueful yet sets almost a cool and serene atmosphere by using the blue colors and its hues.The textbook suggests that many have depicted The Starry Night to reflect Van Sago's disturbed mind. However, I find the painting to have almost a mystical and calming effect. The different lines that Van Gogh uses in this piece of art also provide the piece with texture. Looking at The Starry Night hanging in my living room or the one in the textbook makes me want to reach out and actually be able to feel he artwork itself and the lines to feel the texture it appears to have.Van Gogh also uses the elements of light and dark superbly in this painting. The whole painting is created using darker colors yet the sky reflects lighter hues variously throughout which I believe provides The Starry Night with a nice contrast. I think that Vincent Van Sago's The Starry Night is my favorite piece of artwork I have seen yet and contains many different design elements and principles that help make it the mas terpiece that it is today.

Exam model answer Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Exam model answer - Essay Example Thus, the current business environment necessitates development of new products that meet the changing requirements of the customers. The market strategy of the business must respond to the system as a whole rather than to one single variable, the product. The emerging new definition of market promotes relationship building with customers and other business partners. British Airways is prime example of relationship marketing. To maintain a competitive advantage, BA has consistently been coming up with different packages for its different customers and has forged alliances with various other business units to improve and improvise its services. It has been evolving new customized services for its different segments and attracting new customers with varying packages that may suit their status, needs and pricing. Thus, while it has special super-class cabins for its rich clients, the common man can also avail the services in economy class. (words: 260) Answer 2 Publics are major constit uents that significantly impact BA’s business strategies.

Writer's Choice Movie Review Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Writer's Choice - Movie Review Example The result was a huge loss of public money. It appears that during the early stages of this transition financial sector was favored by politicians; however, during the times of crisis considerable pressure was exerted over political forces by the previously favored financial sector. The role of academics in this regard is also controversial since the income of many such figures is largely based on their work as consultants mainly involved in favoring the working of financial sector. In my opinion, this whole move which started taking its shape in the 80s was a very well planned action which was taken by the learned elite of the society. Their knowledge of fiscal issues coupled with the mal-intent of politicians aimed at targeting the natural greed of a common person; money was used as a tool to convert opposition into friendliness. The ultimate result was the formation of a high-rise mountain of gold which filled the pockets of those who planned it; leaving the others bankrupt and

The Concept and Process of Marketing (Coca-Cola case) Essay

The Concept and Process of Marketing (Coca-Cola case) - Essay Example Marketing can also be defined as a process through organization creates effective channels of exchanging of goods and services with their customers, through coordination of the four P’s of marketing, which are product, price, place and promotion. Marketing therefore involves identifying a product that can satisfy a given consumer need, determination of its price, determination of an effective distribution channel for the product to reach the customer, and finally designing ways to inform the potential consumers about the product (Wysong and Flores, 2008, p.54). 1.2 Consumers Needs and Wants Consumers are motivated to buy goods and services by their specific wants and needs, a consumers needs are those items that every person requires for survivor such as clothes, food and shelters. The consumer’s wants refers to those items that a person would consider buying after fulfilling his or her needs, which may include a car, going for holiday among others. However, a want can easily translate into a need when a person desperately wants an item. However, Hartline and Ferrell (2010, p.184) warns that referring to needs as necessities is simplistic since the definition of a need is subjective. Therefore, in this respect, a need occurs when a consumer’s level of satisfaction is below the desired level while a want is a desire of a given product to cater for a need (Hartline and Ferrell, 2010, p.184). As stated earlier, a consumer will buy goods and services primarily to satisfy his or her wants and needs. Therefore, it is prudent for a business to understand the needs, which can be satisfied by its products. As Hartline and Ferrell...For instance, Coca-Cola has in the past used their bottles to conduct a lottery, whereby a faithful customer who manages to collect specific winning bottle tops gets the reward. 2.37 Consumer profitability. Companies undergo various costs in the process of advertising, consumer relations, and in the process of trying to increase their sales. Consumer profitability is the difference between the revenue that a company gets customers, and the cost they incur to get those customers (Raaij and Eric 2002, p 1). Coca- Cola Company should do the cost benefit analysis, in order to ensure that revenue incurred in the customer relation process is more than the costs incurred, and that such difference is significant. 2.38 Narrow marketing focus Narrow marketing involves a product with fluctuating prices in the market, which is usually as a result of change in demand or supply. A narrow marketing strategy involves a company not putting efforts to win new customers. The cost of narrow marketing focus is low sales, fluctuation in product demand. Coca–Cola Company can avoid this pitfall through adopting strategies to get new customers and using good customer relations to retain existing customers.

Capital Market and Investment Banking Process Paper Research

Capital Market and Investment Banking Process - Research Paper Example You cannot as well borrow from friends or family members and to make matters even worse back loans are inaccessible. Thus, the end of this is that one is in need of money. At this same instance you might be having one of your friends who have established a rapport with rich persons. This makes the problem half solved since he/she can introduce you to such people. However, it is at a fee. At this point in time, this friend of yours who happens to sort you out is the investment banker. The traditional investment banking structure has major divisions. These consist of mergers and acquisitions, corporate finance, sales and trading, research and capital markets on the top of the other four. The largest of investment banks usually have highly diversified business undertakings. (Wise, 2006 pp6-8) Portfolio construction is that undertaking by an investor who portrays rationality where he/she maximizes upon returns emanating from their funds at a given risk rate or level. Any unique investment possesses a unique risk as well. The returns coming from these investments are in the way of income like dividends or interest or even capital gains. A portfolio construction follows the process presented as follows: - objectives setting, policy definition, using portfolio strategy, asset selection and assessment of performance. Objectives setting involve the determination of a given fund putting into account the underlying constraints. Policy definition follows after objectives setting and this is the process through which investors establish an investment policy. Using of portfolio strategy is the application of both the passive and active strategies. Active strategies is the prospecting of the future and variations expected. Passive strategies are the actions of purchasing securities such that they march the picked market index. Selection of assets is the decision by a fund manager regarding the specific assets to invest in. Lastly, assessment of performance is the

Criminal Evidence Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Criminal Evidence - Essay Example The leading case in this area was R v Leatham 1where Crompton J famously remarked 'it matters not how you get it, if you steal it even, it would be admissible in evidence'.2 There were common law rules which allowed the judges to have the discretion to exclude evidence3 at a criminal trial, if this would jeopardise the position of the defendant.4.The standard of reasonableness to be exercised in this regard was that of the "Wednesbury" criteria.5 .Thus the position under common law was that illegally obtained evidence was admissible, given that it was credible, relevant and did not cause adverse inferences to be drawn against the accused.6 The PACE 1984 came into effect in January 1986 and brought changes to the common law position. The main section 78 7of PACE 1984 codified and consolidated the previous common law position.8 However the later body of case law that developed tended to discard the common law approach and develop an entirely new approach to the section, yet the court has not yet given an exhaustive set of guidelines for the section due to the different facts of each case.9Most of the early case law in this regard involved the exclusion of unfairly procured confessions although the position before the PACE 1984 had been very much the same.10 The position in the cases of r... misconduct by the police authorities in the cases of real evidence.11However the court showed some caution in cases involving Alcohol and DNA tests as there was a likelihood of the rigging of such evidence.12In the very controversial case of R v Nathaniel13 the court excluded the evidence of a blood sample of rapist taken four years ago which was promised by the police to be destroyed given that he was not convicted. They tried to use the sample again to convict him four years later but the court excluded this evidence and Lord Taylor CJ made it clear for the court, 'To allow that blood sample to be used in evidence at a trial four years after the alleged offences when the sample had been retained in breach of statutory duty and in breach of the undertakings to the defendant must, in our view, have had an adverse effect on the fairness of the trial. It should not in our view have been admitted.' This case has been followed wherever evidence has been retained in breach of s 64 (3B) of PACE in later cases of rape, murder and theft. For example in the case of Regina v Weir14 the accused was being charged of brutal murder on the basis of very convincing DNA samples which were obtained in breach of s64 (3B) of PACE and thereby the conviction of the defendant was quashed.. Recently however, in the Attorney General's Reference No. 3 of 199915 the House of Lords expressed dissatisfaction with this judgement and regretted not having convicted the accused despite the heavy amount of evidence involved. The Court said that " It must be borne in mind that respect for the privacy of defendants is not the only value at stake. The purpose of the criminal law is to permit everyone to go about their daily lives without fear of harm to person or property. And it is in the

Explication of the Poem Insomnia by Dana Gioia Essay

Explication of the Poem Insomnia by Dana Gioia - Essay Example She talked about things that our senses begin to notice when we cannot sleep in the stillness of the night. The pipes clanking, water running in the dark etch was really just figures of speech that she is beginning to notice things she had learned to ignore. In this first stanza, the reader gets the idea that she is fidgety, uneasy and restless due to insomnia. In the second stanza, Dana Goia recalls her regrets. Things she does not want to think about but is forced to because she cannot sleep. Here, she realized that all that â€Å"she’ve worked for these past years, â€Å" were not really that important especially when she stated that it is now in the state of disrepair, the moving things about to become undone. She had twisted the sheets or forced to ignore all the things that could have made her happy because she did not allow herself to love, or did not love because she had material priorities which she realizes now as unimportant. She escalated this nostalgia in the third and last strophe as she regret the people she ignored or the opportunity to love evident with the many voices that escaped her until now. The venting furnace, the accusations of the clock was really all just figure of speech of her regrets. The furnace is her frustration that needs to be vented and the clock was the opportunity and time she wasted. And this moment of insomnia that gives her terrible clarity to recall all this is killing her. She would like to stay with the current trajectory of her life but this insomnia is forcing her to reflect, giving her useless insight that she does not want to think about. The poem used many metaphors that meant something else to illustrate the poet’s regret and disappointment that she does not want to think about but is forced to because of her insomnia. The use of powerful words and how they are arranged brings powerful message of the poet’s struggle, that she wanted to maintain her course but

Innovation,, Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Innovation,, - Assignment Example These computer-related programmes make it easier to ask ‘what if’ questions, make any technical changes or to add enhanced features to any existing design, with alterations in manufacturing made easy using visualisation and graphics (Lieu & Sorby, 2009). If consumer safety advocacy groups can be enticed to ask for this new technology, then government agencies tasked with road safety will be interested and call for early adoption. Other factors can significantly impact the adoption of this new proposed technology, such as the availability of research funding and the eventual equity funding to have a start-up firm. The adoption of air bags took thirty years from initial patent application to making it a standard safety feature today (Pressler, 1998). A special steering wheel will cost about US$25 and the heart-rate monitor will cost an additional US$50 (depending on the brand and model), so the two important devices will total approximately US$75 to produce or manufacture. The car alarm rigged to the heart-rate monitor will cost an additional US$25, a microcontroller will cost about US$100 and the GPS device will cost around US$100, so these four important devices (steering wheel with heart-rate monitor, microcontroller, car alarm, and GPS device) will cost a total of US$300, with another US$100 for direct labor costs for the installation. The entire device will substantially go down over time when expertise is acquired in making it, called the learning curve in economics (Jaber, 2011). A positive thing about this new technology is an expected reduction in car or motor vehicle accidents caused by drowsiness (sleepiness), sudden heart attacks or drunken driving (as a breath analyser will be incorporated into the device). People who suffer from hypertension will also be benefitting from this new device. In addition, older people who still want to drive will be safeguarded by the heart-rate monitor, which will serve as a health warning device for any ch anges in their heartbeat or blood pressure. Driving while sleepy is a very dangerous condition, but most drivers usually just ignore this sign because they think (erroneously) that they can still manage to drive safely while in truth, their reflexes slow down and judgment is impaired. There are many ways to avoid such accidents, but the only effective countermeasure against this is to stop driving (Surani & Subramanian, 2011). So, the heart-rate monitor is a preemptive device intended to proactively prevent accidents despite the judgment of people it is safe to drive when, in fact, they are putting themselves in harm’s way and commit errors posing them at risk. The foremost drawback of this new device is the cost because it will definitely add a significant premium to the total purchase price of a vehicle. It is worth noting this had been the same argument put up by people who oppose adding new features or resist adopting a new technology (Postman, 2011), but people have seen the wisdom of using safety features included in a vehicle in order to enhance driver and passenger safety. This is a common initial objection to the proposal (back then) of installing air bags on all vehicles, in which air bags were first offered as just options but later were made required standard features. It is reasonable to expect the same objection to the heart-rate monitor, and the maker of this device will have to undertake a serious marketing campaign to

Capital Punishment Essay Example for Free

Capital Punishment Essay An eye for an eye, makes the whole world blind, Mahatma Gandhi. When the murders of today are murdered by the government, is that not hypocrisy? Capital punishment is legal in 32 U.S. states. Capital punishment was a penalty for many felonies under English common law, and it was enforced in all of the American colonies prior to the Declaration of Independence. Since 1976 lethal injection has been the primary method, although electrocution, gas chamber, hanging, and by firing squad are still legal and practiced in some states. The death penalty is barbaric and unethical. Innocent lives are being taken away. U.S. tax payers money is thrown out the window. Capital punishment laws should be abolished in the entire United States. Studies have consistently failed to demonstrate that executions deter people from committing crimes. (Death Penalty Information Center) As we sit in a jury box playing God, deciding who must live and who must die, we hand out the death penalty to teach society a lesson. We step into the shoes of a God and pass an irreversible judgment to mask our pain or disdain. Why kill people who kill people to show killing is wrong? This is hypocrisy. In our judicial system, we do not rape rapists, make drunk drivers stand in front of a speeding car, or chop off the thieving hands of someone who steals. In Muslim practicing countries, the harsh punishment used to deter humans from stealing is to have the thieves hand cut off. This practice does not deter thievery and is considered barbaric and irrational in todays American society. For some reasons unknown, we resort to a revenge mentality society when man kills man. A family who has lost a loved one due to a murder, will not find closure from th e killers death. They will find closure with acceptance and forgiveness in themselves. We cannot take away the life of another who may or may not be guilty of a crime. Consequently, innocent people have been convicted and executed. The wrongful execution of an innocent person is an injustice that can never be rectified. Any error rate is completely unacceptable, when we are talking about life  and death. Since 1973 the U.S. has released 144 prisoners from death row because they were found to be innocent of their crimes. (Amnesty) Wrongful conviction causes range from eyewitness error, to government miscount, false confessions, informants, mishandled evidence, improper forensic evidence, and bad lawyering. Capital punishment is also discriminatory towards minorities, poor, and the mentally ill. Africans make up about half of all homicide victims. Glenn Ford, a black man, was released last month after 30 years on death row in Louisianas notorious Angola Prison for a crime he did not commit. As a result of his poverty, Ford was assigned two lawyers to represent him at his capital trial -the lead attorney was an oil and gas lawyer who had never tried a case criminal or civil to a jury. The second attorney had been out of law school for only two years and worked at an insurance defense firm. As often happens in capital cases, the prosecutors used their peremptory strikes to keep blacks off the jury. Despite a very weak case against him, Ford, defenseless before an all-white jury, was sentenced to death. (ACLU) Ford is just one of many people who were found guilty beyond a reasonable doubt in capital and non-capital cases, but were actually not guilty at all. Once an inmate is executed, nothing can be done to make amends if a mistake has been made. Additionally, the death penalty is a huge cost to taxpayers. Sending someone to death row in the United States costs roughly $5 million, because the government takes the burden of paying for both sides. With appeals, and execution costs, death row is around $4 million more than an adult serving life in prison. The Constitution requires and long and complex judicial process for capital cases. The process is supposed to ensure that innocent men and woman arent wrongful executed, yet even with that the risk of executing an innocent person isnt completely eliminated. Death penalty cases consume much additional prosecution and law enforcement staff time because much additional work must be done. Prosecutors must investigate and prepare aggravating evidence for presentation in the sentencing phase of the trial, respond to evidence, file many more motions, and spend significantly more time in court than they would in a non-death penalty case. In addition to these staff costs, prosecutors, l ike defense attorneys, hire experts and consultants, including consultants to assist with jury selection and witness  preparation. Sheriffs departments must transport defendants and must provide additional courtroom security for lengthy death penalty trials, extra expenses that add up quickly. Indeed, a study of the federal system found that prosecution costs were 67 percent higher than defense costs in death penalty cases. The same study found that defense costs in death penalty cases were four times higher than in non-death penalty cases. (ACLU) Richard C. Dieter, MS, JD, Executive Director of the Death Penalty Information Center, said the following on June 7, 2010, in his testimony before the Pennsylvania Senate Government Management and Cost Study Commission, The death penalty is the most expensive part of the system on a per-offender basis. Millions are spent to achieve a single death sentence that, even if imposed, is unlikely to be carried out. Thus money that the police desperately need for more effective law enforcement may be wasted on the death penalty. Every stage of a capital case is more time-consuming and expensive than in a typical criminal case†¦ There is no reason the death penalty should be immune from reconsideration, along with other wasteful, exp ensive programs that no longer make sense. (Death Penalty Info) Thus the alternatives are more ethical, just, and less costly than capital punishment. By substituting a sentence of life without parole, we meet societys needs of punishment and protection without running the risk of an irrevocable punishment. Over two-thirds of the countries in the world 141 have now abolished the death penalty in law or practice. (Amnesty) It is time for the United States of America to catch up with the rest of the world and abolish capital punishment forever. Death Penalty Facts. (n.d.): n. pag. Amnesty Usa. Amnesty International, May 2012. Web. 8 Sept. 2014. . No Government Should Experiment with Human Life. American Civil Liberties Union. ACLU, 2011. Web. 08 Sept. 2014. . Testimony of Richard C. Dieter, Esq. Executive Director, Death Penalty Information Center to the Illinois House of Representatives Addressing Innocence and. _DPIC_. Death Penalty Information Center, 2014. Web. 08 Sept. 2014. .

Message Cautious Listening Essay Example for Free

Message Cautious Listening Essay Listening can occur in: 1. One-on-one communication or face-to-face conversations 2. a small group 3. large group Levels of attentiveness 1. Nonlistener. This individual is preoccupied with personal thoughts unrelated to the speaker’s message. 2. Passive listener. This person hears the speaker’s words without really understanding them. This incomplete absorption means the listener lacks a coherent view of the entire message. 3. Semi-active listener. The listener attempts to get what the speaker says but still doesn’t understand the total intent. 4. Active listener. This person is more effective. The listener pays close attention to the words and their context. HEARING VS. LISTENING Hearing is a physical process; listening is a mental one. Listening involves comprehending and retaining what is heard. The listening process The listening process consists of 4 elements: 1. Hearing. It is a physiological process. When we hear, the auditory nerves are stimulated by sound waves. 2. Filtering. It is the elimination of unwanted stimuli. Filtering allows the listener to focus on stimuli that are of special interest. 3. Interpreting. The listener’s mind assigns meaning to the stimuli. 4. Recalling. It involves remembering at a later time the information that was interpreted earlier. Guidelines for effective listening 1. Concentrate on the message 2. Determine the purpose of the message ï‚ · Cautious listening ï‚ · Skimming ï‚ · Scanning 3. Keep an open mind 4. Use feedback 5. Minimize note taking. 6. Analyze the total message 7. Do not talk or interrupt Barriers to listening A listening barrier is anything that interferes with the listening process. 1. Physical distractions 2. Mental distractions 3. Health concerns 4. Nonverbal distractions 5. Inappropriate timing 6. Ineffective speech characteristics

The Driving Forces Behind Crowdfunding Management Essay

The Driving Forces Behind Crowdfunding Management Essay How can you raise over 10,000,000 in funding for a consumer product, that is not yet produced, without any help from banks, angel investors or venture capitalists. How can you make hundreds of people pay for a meal they just might receive in a distant future? How is it possible to turn thousands of committed customers to also become shareholders without the process of an IPO? The answer is crowdfunding, which is a financing method that has exploded in popularity the last few years and that is changing the way many individuals, start-ups and businesses seek funding (kà ¤lla Forbes). The basic idea of crowdfunding is to raise external finance from a large audience (the crowd), where each individual provides a very small amount, instead of soliciting a small group of sophisticated investors (Schwienbacher Larralde, 2010, p. 1). The individuals, investors, customers or consumers that make up the crowd are called crowdfunders (Schwienbacher Larralde, 2010, p. 4) and usually pool their money together via the Internet (kà ¤lla) An example of how powerful crowdfunding can be is the Pebble E-paper Watch, a smartwatch for iPhone and Android, which raised $10,266,845 in investments during roughly one and a half months on the crowdfunding platform Kickstarter (Kickstarter. 2012c). Another example is the Swedish hamburger restaurant Flippin Burgers, which got hundreds of individuals paying for a hamburger before the restaurant even existed and simultaneously financed the start-up of their now immensely popular venue in Stockholm (kà ¤lla). example of equity crowdfunding The crowdfunding market has grown with 557 % in the last five years and crowdfunding platforms raised a total of almost $1.5 billion in 2011, exceeding one million successful projects (Massolution, 2012). This number is predicted to double in 2012 with the current growth rate, which indicates that this nascent method of financing definitely has the potential to make a substantial change in the way individuals, start-ups and businesses seek financing (kà ¤lla). The long-term potential of crowdfunding is hard to predict, but currently the phenomena of crowdfunding looks promising. With scarce research on the subject, there are many aspects of crowdfunding that are still unexplored and with the projected industry growth, a demand will likely arise for a foundation of which entrepreneurs and managers can make informed decisions when hosting crowdfunding projects. 1.1. Background The background chapter will firstly cover the consumers involvement over time and its implications on crowdfunding, then a definition of crowdfunding will follow and lastly three different types of crowdfunding will be presented. 1.1.1. The Consumers Involvement Consumers have traditionally been positioned at the end of a firms value chain, but last decades their role have changed from not only being a target for marketing activities, to actually being a part of the value creation of a firms products or services (Hunt, Geiger-Oneto Varca, 2012, p. 347). The consumers have subsequently become key information sources, co-producers, partners for innovation and, finally, co-creators of value in the related literature (Ordanini, Miceli, Pizzetti Parasuraman, 2011, p. 444). This shift of focus on the role of the consumer has led to frequent activities by many firms to involve consumers and unidentified individuals in the process of product development and value creation (Zheng, Li, and Hou, 2011, p. 57). Involving consumers as co-producers and co-creators also provides value for the consumers and the process has been positively correlated with the consumers product satisfaction (Hunt et al., 2012, p. 347). This evolution of the consumers role was made possible initially by the rise of the Internet and later by technological innovations associated with Web 2.0 (Kleemann, Voß and Rieder, 2008, p. 5). Web 2.0 is a expression coined in 2004 noting a set of principles and practices that had emerged on the Internet, such as users being co-developers of open source development practices (OReilly, 2007, p. 19 30). Recently, the consumers role has also expanded to include investment support. This phenomenon of collective efforts by consumers and individuals to pool their money together via the Internet to invest in different projects is called crowdfunding (Ordanini et al., 2011, p. 444). Kleemann et al. (2008) argue that we are witnessing an emerge of a new consumer type called the working consumer. Ordanini et al. (2011) also describes the idea of crowdfunding, when consumers and individuals pay for producing and promoting a product instead of buying it, as a further step in the evolution of the consumers role. In association with these initiatives of involving the consumers as investors, there are several issues in the boundaries between marketing and finance, that are not yet fully explored and explained (Ordanini et al., 2011, p. 444). Zheng et al. (2011) have shown that consumers get involved in similar kind of initiatives to a great extent because of their intrinsic motivations. However, the field of crowdfunding is still unexplored when it comes to why and how consumers contribute with monetary investments, the selection of initiatives and what implications these behaviors within crowdfunding should have for firms and managers engaging in these kind of activities (Ordanini et al., 2011, p. 444). 1.1.2. A Definition of Crowdfunding Crowdfunding is defined as: an initiative undertaken to raise money for a new project proposed by someone, by collecting small to medium-size investments from several other people (i.e. a crowd) (Ordanini et al., 2011, p. 444) The actors involved in crowdfunding are the people who propose projects to be funded, the crowdfunding organization and the crowd itself. The crowdfunding organization serves as a form of hub, bringing together those who may want to invest in crowdfunding initiatives and those who seek investments for their projects via crowdfunding (Ordanini et al., 2011, p. 444-445). These crowdfunding organizations typically conduct their business via a website, (compare: http://www.indiegogo.com/, http://www.kickstarter.com/ and https://www.sellaband.com/) in which actors can advertise their crowdfunding initiatives to the crowd. The crowdfunding phenomena is much like regular investments, some efforts are successful and some are not. A popular crowdfunding site at the time of writing, Kickstarter, reports that 43.81 % of the crowdfunding projects at their website are successful   (Kickstarter. 2012d). They also report that they do not accept just any crowdfunding request and that about 25 % of submitted projects are not accepted to the site (Kickstarter. 2012b). This means, in practice, given that their numbers are correct, that about one third (0,75*0,4381à ¢Ã¢â‚¬ °Ã‹â€ 1/3) of the attempted crowdfunding projects at the website in question are successful. One example of such a successful crowdfunding project in 2012 is Pebble E-paper Watch, which in total raised $10,266,845 in investments during roughly one and a half months (Kickstarter. 2012c). This demonstrates that it is indeed possible to obtain large investments from crowdfunding. 1.1.3. Different Types of Crowdfunding Crowdfunding can be divided into three different types of crowdfunding initiatives: (Schwienbacher Larralde, 2010, p. 13) Donations asking for donations rather than offering some kind of financial or remunerative incentive in exchange of an investment (Schwienbacher Larralde, 2010, p. 13). Example: Raising money for a good cause, like surgery of a diseased child. Passive investments giving some form of incentive in exchange for investments, these incentives can take many forms. In general a higher investments yields a higher incentive. Most crowdfunding like this does not offer any kind of possibility for the investor to participate in the project. This is in other words a form of crowdfunding where the entrepreneurs raise money without giving up control or having the customers actively involved (Schwienbacher Larralde, 2010, p. 13). Example: Pre-ordering of a product (such as a music CD). Active investments offering an active role in the initiative in exchange for investments. This could include offering shares of the profit or voting rights for features of the product. As in the case of passive investments, a higher investment in active investments generally yields a higher incentive. The entrepreneurs can in this way gain insight in their markets and receive valuable information of how the market thinks the product should be customized (Schwienbacher Larralde, 2010, p. 13-14). This type of investment with involvement in co-production, increases product satisfaction (Hunt, Geiger-Oneto Varca, 2012, p. 354). Example: Offering shares of profit from a concert, in proportion to how much money is invested. 1.2. Problem Discussion and Previous Research As a new emerging phenomena, crowdfunding and its consequences for businesses and consumers are not fully understood. For instance: what drives the engagement of consumers to invest in crowdfunding initiatives? (Ordanini et al., 2011, p. 444) One interesting way of approaching this question is stated by Ordanini, Miceli, Pizzetti and Parasuraman (2011, p. 446): Some extant literature streams are helpful in providing an appropriate backdrop for understanding crowd-funding, although insights from each stream only address some but not all aspects of this emerging phenomenon. This method provides an helpful framework for approaching the problem. The actors that invest in crowdfunding projects can be seen as both customers and investors (Schwienbacher Larralde, 2010, p. 13 Ordanini et al., 2011). This, in combination with the statement above, suggests that it is interesting to investigate why people participate and invest in crowdfunding projects both from a customer behavior perspective and an investment behavior perspective. Crowdfunding is as mentioned in 1.1.2 conducted online. If crowdfunders are seen as customers, the act of participating in crowdfunding can be compared to customer behavior in online shopping. Research in online customer behavior suggest that customers are motivated by extrinsic and intrinsic motivations when shopping online (Shang, Chen, Shen,   2005, p. 401). Since crowdfunding is a relatively new phenomena, the literature in the subject is far from extensive. To demonstrate this, examples of searches in Scopus and Thomson Reuters Web of Knowledge as of the 25th of October 2012 will be presented below. Scopus and Web of Knowledge are extensive databases tracking citations with 47 million (SciVerse, 2012) and 49,4 million (Web of Knowledge, 2011) records respectively. A search for the term crowdfunding in Scopus rendered 5 results when limiting the results to articles. The same search in Web of Knowledge rendered 9 articles. Out of all these articles the oldest one was from 2011 (Ley Weaven, 2011), and the rest were published in 2012. This demonstrates that crowdfunding is indeed a new phenomena, and from these quick searches it can be concluded that the literature in crowdfunding is scarce. In a review of the literature found during the literature study which laid the foundation to this thesis (and included broader search terms than the above mentioned) it was found that it was only Ordanini, Miceli, Pizzetti Parasuraman (2011) who have studied how and why people engage in crowdfunding initiatives. The authors did this by conducting interviews with employees at three major crowdfunding platforms. Their findings revealed that crowdfunding participants motivations were very dependent on the type of project. Their study showed that the main motivation is patronage for music projects, monetary return for financial loaning and social participation for charity. However, their findings are based on interviews with informants from the crowdfunding intermediates without including any individual investors in their study. It appears to be a knowledge gap from an investor perspective, investigating the investors motivations to participate in crowdfunding initiatives. Since the actors engaging in crowdfunding initiatives can be seen as both customers and investors (Schwienbacher Larralde, 2010, p. 13 Ordanini et al., 2011), it is interesting to research why individuals get involved in crowdfunding both from a customer behavioral perspective and an investment behavioral perspective. To the extent of our knowledge, this has not been covered in the literature so far.   In summary, the literature on crowdfunding is scarce and while some aspects of crowdfunding has been studied, others remain unexplored. The purpose of this study is to attempt to fill the mentioned knowledge gap about motivations in the literature of crowdfunding and contribute to widening the research on crowdfunding. This thesis will examine the factors that motivate customers/investors to engage in passive crowdfunding projects. 1.3. Research Questions The problem description has resulted in the following research questions: 1. How do crowdfunders intrinsic and extrinsic motivations affect their size of investment in passive crowdfunding projects? 2. How important is the influence of other crowdfunders investments? 1.4. Purpose The purpose of this study is to research the relatively new phenomena of crowdfunding and examine the motivational factors that make people invest in crowdfunding projects. By examining why consumers invest in crowdfunding projects this study is intended to contribute to fill the knowledge gap identified in the problem description. The literature in general about crowdfunding is scarce and to our knowledge this type of study about crowdfunding has not been conducted before. Praktiska tillà ¤mpningar 1.5. Disposition The disposition of the thesis will be as follows, after this section a chapter about the theory used in this thesis will be presented, followed by a chapter about the research design and methods used. After that, the results of our surveys will be presented and a critical discussion about the results will follow. At the very end, the conclusions from the study will be presented and after that a list of references and appendixes will finalize this essay. 2. Theory This chapter will present the theory that lays the foundation to the thesis. First, customer behavior and relevant motivation theory will described and related to crowdfunding, including the important distinction made in this thesis between intrinsic and extrinsic motivation. Second, relevant investment behavior theory related to crowdfunding and an explanation of the phenomena of momentum in crowdfunding will be explained. 2.1 Customer Behavior As mentioned in the problem discussion, the individuals participating in crowdfunding projects can be seen as both customers and investors (Schwienbacher Larralde, 2010, p. 13 Ordanini et al., 2011). The first research question of this thesis is What motivates crowdfunders to invest in crowdfunding projects?, therefore motivation theories will be presented below. In general, motivation research   is directed to finding motives for peoples behavior (Sheth Mittal, 2004, p. 234). Within customer behavior, motivation research is aimed at finding out the conscious or subconscious reasons that motivate people to buy or not to buy a particular product, service or brand, or to patronize or avoid a store, or to accept or reject a marketing communication (ibid.). In this study, the research will be aimed at finding out the reasons why customers engage in crowdfunding initiatives, in other words, why they purchased the incentive offered at a given investment level. 2.1.1. Motivation Ryan Deci describes to be motivated as the means to be moved to do something (2000a, p. 54). A person who is motivated is a person who is inspired, energized or activated to act, where as an unmotivated person, feels no drive, incentive or stimulus to act. Motivation can be measured in terms of the level of motivation and the orientation of the motivation. The level of motivation refers to how much motivation an individual has, for example when a potential customer is out shopping for a car, if the salesman who assists the customer get paid in terms of commission it could be expected that this salesman has a higher level of motivation to make the sale than if the same salesman would have a fixed salary and no commission. The orientation of motivation refers to the underlying motives, goals and attitudes of the motivation, in other words why someone is motivated. An example of orientation of motivation is that a student may do her homework because she finds it interesting and intrigu ing, or the student may do her homework because her teacher and parents require her to do it. The student in this example may have equal level of motivation in both cases, but the nature of the motivation is entirely different because of its origin (Ryan Deci, 2000a, p. 54-55). A basic distinction of orientations of motivation is the distinction between intrinsic motivation and extrinsic motivation: (Ryan Deci, 2000a, p. 55) 2.1.1.1. Intrinsic Motivation Intrinsic motivation is an orientation of motivation that origins in doing something for its inherent satisfactions rather than doing something to achieve an outcome. An intrinsically motivated person is a person who is motivated because an activity is fun, challenging, novel, interesting or simply put satisfying psychological needs (Ryan Deci, 2000a, p. 56-57). This can be compared to that children from the date of birth are active, curious and playful in despite of rewards being absent. It is a natural motivation that encourages assimilation, mastery, spontaneous interest and exploration that is so essential to cognitive and social development and that represents a principal source of enjoyment   and vitality throughout life (Ryan Deci, 2000b, p. 70). In crowdfunding, examples of intrinsic motivation could be to fund a technological project of a gadget because it is fun, or funding a project raising money for surgery of a child out of compassion. An important concept in the case of charity is warm-glove giving. Warm-glove giving means that donors are egoistically motivated by the act of giving and not only the altruism  Ã‚  Ã‚   (Andreoni, 1990, p. FIXA). 2.1.1.1. Extrinsic Motivation Extrinsic motivation is in contrast to intrinsic motivation when the origin of motivation lies in obtaining a separable outcome from performing an activity. Satisfying psychological needs is not necessarily related to extrinsic motivation, instead extrinsic motivation covers the continuum between amotivation and intrinsic motivation (Ryan Deci, 2000b, p. 71-72). An illustration of this is that a student may do her homework because she fears sanctions from her parents or because the student sincerely believe that doing the homework will be valuable for her future career. In the latter case intrinsic motivation and feeling of choice is present, while in the prior case external control and compliance is imminent. Even though both cases involves intentional behavior, the types of extrinsic motivation is different because they vary in autonomy. In crowdfunding, examples of extrinsic motivation could be to fund a technological project of a gadget because an incentive given is the actual gadget, or funding an artists concert for a share of the profit. 2.1.2 Shopping experience 2.2. Investment Behavior According to Ordanini et al. (2011), the emerging phenomena of crowdfunding has transformed consumers into investors. The consumers are contributing financially to other peoples or organizations projects and expect either a monetary or non-monetary incentive for their support. Thus, the characteristics of crowdfunding are very similar to financial investments and the behavior of crowdfunders can thereby resemble the investment behavior of individuals in financial markets   (Ordanini et al., 2011, p. 450). Herding Behavior in Online Shopping A large group (a crowd or mob) is likely to show examples of group behaviour 2.2.1. Herding Behavior in Financial Markets Crowdfunding projects seem to follow similar patterns where the financing of the crowdfunders triggers a chain reaction and facilitates rapid growth at a certain point (Ordanini et al., 2011, p. 457-458). This kind of snowball effect in the crowdfunders behavior, of something small building upon itself and becoming larger, can be found and be explained in several investment situations and can be both positive and negative. This investment behavior can be found as a negative effect in bank runs (Iyer Puri, 2012, p. 1414) and as a positive effect in rational herding in financial economics (Devenow Welch, 1996, p. 603). Bank runs are situations when bank customers withdraw their deposits from banks because they dont believe that the bank can keep them safe. This phenomenon has been a recurrent case in the history, from the Great Depression in the 1930s, to the financial crisis recently (Iyer Puri, 2012, p. 1414). The same pattern can be found in rational herding in the financial mark ets, when investors act based on other investors decisions rather than information about the investment itself (Masson, Gotur Lane, 2001, p. 100). Imitation and mimicry are two of the humans most basic instincts, which could partly explain why investors are influenced by the decisions of other investors in financial economics (Devenow Welch, 1996, p. 603). Rational herding occurs because of payoff externalities and information externalities. Payoff externalities is when investors benefit from other investors following their actions and information externalities is when investors gain useful information from observing previous investors decisions to a level where they consider it to be more reliable than their own information (Masson, Gotur Lane, 2001, p. 100). 2.2.2. Investment Momentum in Crowdfunding Ordanini et al. (2011) have found that a similar momentum in crowdfunding occurs at a recurrent stage of the crowdfunding process and they have identified three distinct phases in the investment process that are applicable to most crowdfunding projects. The first phase includes the investments reaching approximately half of the projects target capital and mostly consists of investments from people who are directly connected to the project or the network of the creator of the project. The emphasis in this phase is the involvement of people related to the project or the creator to accumulate a start funding underlying the rest of the crowdfunding process (Ordanini et al., 2011, p. 457-458). The second stage usually slows down in investment growth and is considered to be the most delicate and important phase, since it typically determines if a project fails or succeeds. Motivating and involving people in this phase is crucial to trigger the crowding process and the inability to do so is a very common reason for failure (Ordanini et al., 2011, p. 457-458). The third and last phase is when a project triggers a chain reaction that facilitates rapid growth to reach and, in some cases, exceed the investment target. The crowdfunders in this phase are primarily people without any original connection to the project and the investment process usually speeds up when it comes closer to the accumulated target investment. Ordanini et al. (2011) claim that the reason for this is that in many cases, the opportunity to invest will disappear as the project reaches its target investment. In this situation, the crowdfunders act very similar to investors in the financial markets and nobody want to miss the opportunity to invest and be a part of the project, which results in a chain reaction triggering more and more people to invest (Ordanini et al., 2011, p. 457-458). Crowdfunding momentum graph? (Ordanini) 3. Method This chapter will explain the method used in this thesis. Firstly a broad perspecitve of the method used will be presented, the Research approach and Research design. After that a more narrow view and thesis specific details will be presented; the Research strategy using surveys, the conduction of the survey and the data analysis. Finally the reliability, validity and replicability of this study and the presentation of data will be presented. 3.1. Research Approach As shown, crowdfunding is a subject on which there is little existing literature and scarce knowledge. Because of the insufficient prior research on the topic, it is simply not possible to define a theoretical framework for a hypothesis, which precludes a deductive research approach (Saunders et al., 2007, p. 127). The research questions emphasizes on why something is happening, rather than being able to describe what is happening, which implies that a more inductive approach would be appropriate (Saunders et al., 2007, p. 126). Although, an inductive approach involves drawing generalizable inferences out of observations (Bryman Bell, 2007, p. 14), which is not an accurate relationship between the theory and data in the study since the research questions are based on previous studies. The objective of the study is to discover new variables and relationships and to stress theory development, rather than theory generation or confirmation of existing theory. For such a study, Dubois G adde (2002) suggest an abductive approach which enables continuous interplay between theory and empirical observations. The abductive approach also allows the framework to be successively modified as a result of unanticipated findings and insights during the research process, which enables new conclusions when theoretical models and new concepts encounter the reality (Dubois Gadde, 2002, p. 559). 3.2. Research Design The research desigend is intended to generate evidence to answer the research questions that are established and to act as a framework for the research process (Bryman Bell, 2007, p. 39-40). The study entails data from several cases at a single point in time in order to collect quantifiable data to detect patterns of associations. Because of this, this study is based on a cross-sectional design, which is the study of a phenomena in a given point in time (Saunders, 2007, p. 155).   A cross-sectional design enables examining several variables to explore potential variations, which suits the research questions of identifying motivations and distinguishing differences between different categories in crowdfunding. In cross-sectional design research, the data is also collected simultaneously, in contrast to experimental design, and the data is quantifiable by a systematic method for measurement and benchmarking. However, with the cross-sectional design it is only possible to examine rel ationships without being certain of the casual influence, in contrast to an experimental design where variables are manipulated (Bryman Bell, 2007, p. 55). Although a cross-sectional research design is sufficiently adequate to serve as a foundation for drawing certain inferences (Bryman Bell, 2007, p. 56). 3.3. Sampling This study has been conducted on the following crowdfunding websites: http://www.rockthepost.com/ http://www.sponsume.com/ http://www.helpersunite.com/ http://peerbackers.com/ https://www.sellaband.com/ The reason for choosing the above mentioned crowdfunding websites is that they permit contacting the participants in their crowdfunding projects via the websites respective internal mail systems. There are a few more crowdfunding websites in which it is possible to contact investors, but some require that you have invested in the same project as the users that you want to contact and others have no compulsory contact information, meaning that the users manually would have to post their contact information in their description to be contactable through the website. Worth noting is that even in the websites chosen for this study, there are some users that can not be contacted because of the option of being anonymous when investing. The study is also, as mentioned in the research questions, limited to passive investments in crowdfunding. Within passive investments this thesis is also limited to only successful crowdfunding projects, because the crowdfunding websites appear to remove the unsuccessful projects as to not discourage potential clients. This makes it impossible to access information about unsuccessful crowdfunding projects without the owners of the websites collaboration. Collaborating with the crowdfunding websites themselves has though been judged to be out of the scope for this study due to time restrictions. A consequence of studying only successful crowdfunding projects is that the participants in our study are asked about their motivations retrospectively. This means that the participants investment motivations rather are their retrospective rationalization of their investments, than their decision making process prior to the investment. Therefore, it is impossible to determine to what degree the customers/investors were affected by any post-purchase rationalization or dissonance to justify their investments. In an attempt to counter this problem, only crowdfunders that have participated in crowdfunding projects that have recently ended has been contacted. The time frame chosen for this was one week. Within the crowdfunding projects chosen within the different categories of crowdfunding no sampling were made, instead all participants that were not anonymous were contacted. 3.4. Research Strategy: Surveys The research strategy chosen for this thesis is surveys in the form of Internet questionnaires. This research strategy has been chosen because it is common in business and management research and allow for collection of large amounts of data to a relatively small cost (Saunders, 2007, p. 144). Given the quota sampling and the internal mail systems provided by the crowdfunding sites, Internet surveys provided us with a simple solution of reaching out to all participants in selected crowdfunding projects, seeing as it was fairly easy to contact the crowdfunders via the internal mailing system. This allowed for generating findings that are representative for the entire population in the chosen crowdfunding projects. In comparison to interviews this is also a less time consuming strategy and seeing as this is a bachelor thesis, time is of the essence. Surveys allows for collecting large amounts of data for statistical analysis. The data collected from surveys could for example be used for suggesting possible relationships between variables and produce models for these relationships (Saunders, 2007, p. 144) (Bryman Bell, 2007, p. 56). This is much in line with our research questions.    3.4.1 Survey Design When designing a survey it is important to use standardized questions that will are likely to be interpreted in the same way by all respondents (Saunders, 2007, p. 393). The surveys sent out to the different crowdfunding projects where therefore identical. Language non native English speakers The questionnaire consists of XX questions in total, this because a questionnaire should not be longer than is necessary to meet the research objective and that it is generally believed that a shorter questionnaire has a higher response rate than a longer questionnaire (Saunders, Lewis, Thornhill, 2012, p. 436). Designing questions (Bryman Bell, 2007, p. 266-271)

Those Who Can, Teach Essay -- Education, Ryan Cooper

In chapter two of Ryan Cooper’s textbook, Those Who Can, Teach, he lists eight characteristics of an effective school: â€Å"[1] high expectations for student performance, [2] communication among teachers, [3] a task orientation among the staff, [4] the ability to keep students on task, [5] the expenditure of little time on behavior management, [6] the principal’s instructional leadership, [7] the participation of parents, and [8] the school environment† (51). While all eight characteristics above greatly contribute to a school’s overall success, some characteristics have a greater ability to affect the success of a given school. Educators Wong and Wong point out that research consistently says effective teachers exhibit three characteristics: 1) they are good classroom managers, 2) they teach for learning and mastery, and 3) they have positive expectations (8-10). Because I believe the foundation of school effectiveness relies on teachers, I consider the characteristics with a focus on effective teacher-to-student interaction most important. Taken from the list above, those characteristics are (1) teachers who exhibit high expectations for student performance, (3) a task orientation among the teaching staff, and (4) the ability to keep students on task. A teacher’s effect on students is significant because teachers have greater influence on student achievement than a school. Robert Marzano’s study separating a school’s effect on student achievement from a teacher’s effect on student achievement supports this notion. Marzano found that an ineffective teacher in an effective school environment has little to no effect on student achievement. To the contrary, an effective teacher in an ineffective school environment was found to have a ... ...aff, such as paraprofessionals, counselors, librarians, specialists, and even janitors, comes to know and care about the strengths and weaknesses of students as much as teachers and administrators. More importantly, they help to provide solutions to overcoming low student achievement. A motivated support staff also contributes to the overall success of a school. In summary, I believe an effective teacher has the most influence on an effective school. Because of this, I consider Cooper’s characteristics centered on effective teaching as most important. I do also believe that fostering effective teaching skills through effective professional development programs are essential to creating an effective school. Furthermore, I would not discount the roles of non-teachers in the school setting, as they contribute to a school’s overall effectiveness too.

Egypt Essay :: essays research papers

Throughout the ages religion has been an important part of man’s life. Even today many peoples lives are influenced by the teachings of their religious backgrounds. In ancient Egypt however, religion was the single most important influence on the civilization. It touched virtually every aspect of Egyptian life.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  One of the most obvious examples of this is in Egyptian burial. Burial and the preservation of the body was a very important aspect of the culture. It was due to the fact that they believed that the better your body was preserved the happier you were in the afterlife. Even the embalmers had to shave all their body hairs so they would not contaminate the dead person. The person had their major organs removed and preserved in canopic jars, which were watched by the designated gods. Also, the casket the person was buried in always had a likeness of the person on the front. This was for the Ka to recognize when it came back to the body at night. Also, the person was buried with perfume jars and food to take with them to the afterlife. Obviously death, burial and the afterlife, was a major part of Egyptian life that was touched a great deal by religion.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Another major aspect of Egyptian life that was heavily influenced by religion was art. Almost all paintings and other forms of art were either done for the gods or representing the gods or pharaohs. Artists were even considered some of the highest members of society because they did work for the deities. An interesting fact about Egyptian art was the awkward position the bodies were in. All people depicted in the artwork were standing sideways with every body part visible. No one knows for certain why the people were depicted that way, but it is common belief that it was necessary to show all body parts so the gods wouldn’t get angry for being misrepresented. Another interesting observation about Egyptian art is that it stayed, virtually, the same from the Old Kingdom into the New Kingdom. This was because they thought what they did was perfect and to change it would change their perfect life and afterlife. This proves that Egyptian art is another aspect of the culture that was greatly influenced by religion.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Finally the last and most important aspect of the culture that was affected by religion, was everyday life.

Essay --

Buddhism is one of biggest and influential religions. Buddhism has own teachings and ethics which are different from other religions. It also has traditional holidays which are still continued. Buddhism's source and Buddha’s story are interesting so it has many believers. The numbers of Buddhists are still increasing, and Buddhism grows bigger today. 2. What is Buddhism? There are 350 million Buddhists on the world. Many people study spirit of Buddhism, and Buddhism requires deep study. 2.1 Basic information of Buddhism Buddhism's basic emphasis is to practice meditation and to develop spirit. Buddhism teaches practical methods and gives a lot of example of answer that helps to solve human's problems in society. It emphasizes to find true purpose of human life and happiness and researches to understand deeply and psychologically about human mind. Buddhists also do not worship and study about any other God or divinities. They even do not worship Buddha who is creator of Buddhism. They sometimes go to a temple and bow down to a statue which has smiling. It is just an expression of thanks for the teaching of Buddha. Buddhists think Buddha is ideal person so try to resemble him. They always practice to get highest quality of personality and spirit like Buddha. 2.2 Meditation There are many different types of Buddhism, but all of that are based on practice of meditation. Meditation is major activity of Buddhists. It is a time to develop spirit and mind. When Buddhists meditate in a house or a temple, they believe that meditation helps to find peace in mind and gives positive energy and happiness. They have meditation time like a habit. The other goal of Buddhists is to understand reality of nature and the finish of suffering. ... ...sm today Buddhism is one of suitable religion for modern people’s life. People want to be relaxed and have peaceful life in competition of society. It increases numbers of people who practice meditation and study Buddhism. Buddhists say that meditation gives happiness in suffering life. It makes many people try to practice meditation. There are also many Buddhist centers and meditation festivals. It is easy to find and experience Buddhism culture. Especially, South Korea has long history of Buddhism so there are many Buddhist architectures and arts which are highly acclaimed. Buddhism is effective religion, also it is artistic culture. 8. Conclusion Buddhism has a lot of study and teaching. Its teaching and culture are very unique. It also has different own views and ethics, so it is still continued. Buddha’s Buddhism is a history and deep-rooted religion.

Diary of a Mad Black Woman

The film Diary of a Mad Black Woman depicts a situation that many people find themselves in every day. Helen McCarter is a successful wife who has everything it seems she could possibly ever want- a fantastically beautiful home and a well-off husband.Her husband literally throws her out of the house when he admits to having an affair so that his mistress and her children can move in. She relies on her family, close friends, and God to help her through the ordeal. When Helen’s husband is ironically maimed in a car accident, she cruelly torments him, the way that he abusively tormented her throughout their marriage.In one scene, Helen torments her husband because he can not bathe himself, and then literally throws him into a bathtub, rescuing him only seconds before he would have drowned. The film Diary of a Mad Black Woman depicts a fair amount of spousal abuse. In one of the opening scenes of the film, the husband (Charles) throws his wife out of the car and tells her that he hates her. Not only is this an extreme example of physical abuse, it is also an excellent example of the lesser known, and therefore lesser addressed, verbal and emotional abuse.However, Helen is for some reason completely blindsided by this turn of events, although it seems as if she has been enduring this abuse for the past eighteen years of their marriage. It certainly seems as though her sense of self worth has reached such a low that she could not even see how her husband leaving her was a possibility. I felt that there were many mixed messages showcased throughout this film. That is not to say it was not a good movie-I believe that it was. Diary of a Mad Black Woman took on a ridiculously Christian, preachy tone.When Helen begins dating a new man, she claims that he’s a â€Å"good Christian man,† as if this were a deal breaker. Helen apparently finds Jesus, become a devout Christian, and attends church religiously. Once her husband is injured in a gun fight, not only does she refuse to turn the other cheek, the audience is left to feel as if they should be cheering on her decidedly unchristian values. Helen takes advantage of her husband, which seems to be the farthest thing a true Christian would do. I think that there certainly was a lesson and a moral to this film, although I’m not sure that it came across in the correct way.The director was obviously trying to show that regardless of one’s past, it is possible to overcome horrific tragedy. Was this done about in the correct way? I believe not. I feel as if the writer and director of this film used â€Å"Christian values† as a crutch in order to get away with both a mediocre storyline and directing. Obviously, this was not an accurate portrayal of this specific type of phenomenon. It would take much more than â€Å"the power of Jesus† to restore one’s psyche after eighteen years worth of abuse.In addition, the fact that any behavior is alright, as long as it’s done in the name of Jesus, is completely disgusting, but this is how the film seems to justify Helen’s quick recovery. But, there certainly is something to be said for such strong message. Although the heroine’s plight was filmed as if she were extremely naà ¯ve in the first place, ultimately, the audience is left to assume that Helen has overcome the abuse she was dealing with. This film was, in my opinion, a good example of something that could happen in anyone’s life. It reminds me of a woman that used to attend our church with her family.The relationship she had with her husband was obviously strange, but no one could quite decide what was wrong with it. The husband was the associate pastor, and the wife volunteered in the church nursery almost every Sunday. Therefore, it seemed as if this couple could do no harm.Suddenly, one day she left her husband, and took her kids with her. People within the church immediately began blaming her for the abuse, claiming that she obviously did something wrong, and that she hadn’t â€Å"submitted to her husband† as the Bible demands. Later, people said that the only way she could be healed was through Jesus.Of course, this is ridiculous. Not to take anything away from religion, but most would agree that overcoming abuse requires therapy in different forms, and this is assuming that no other psychological disorders have stemmed from the abuse, such as depression, anxiety disorders, of post-traumatic stress disorder.Ultimately, I feel that this was a very strong movie, and that it depicted what abuse and its effects have on a person. While it was grossly understated, the audience certainly had a very good idea of what an abused person, especially an abused wife goes through during a recovery process.

Critical Issue Analysis

University of Phoenix Material Critical Issue Analysis After reading the selected critical issue, use the following questions to analyze the issue. Issue 3 – Is Psychological Debriefing a Harmful Intervention for Survivors of Trauma? 1. What are at least two facts presented by each side of the critical issue? Devilly & Cotton who represent the con side of the agreement present many different facts. Two that stand out is: that psychological debriefing â€Å". . . more of a â€Å"moral maintenance† intervention qua gesture of employer support, rather than a clinical intervention influencing distress and clinical symptomatolgy. Halgin, 2009, p. 68. ) Devilliy & Cotton also point to the fact it is a company’s way to protect again unwanted litigation. By providing employees with psychological debriefing it keeps them from later having an employee suing the company for damages from the traumatic event. Mitchell points out that crisis intervention is a support system f or those who have suffered trauma. Also note that for a fact that Critical Incident Stress Management â€Å". . . program includes many tactics and techniques, but it is not limited to. . . Crisis assessment services and strategic planning programs Family support services Individual, peer-provided crisis intervention services. Pre-crisis education programs Large group crisis interventions The provision of food and fluids to work crews Rotation and resting of work crews Advice to command staff and supervisors Small group crisis interventions Follow up services and referral services Post-crisis education And many other services. (Halgin, 2009, p. 77). 2. What are at least two opinions presented by each side of the critical issue? Con: 1.They claim that â€Å"During times of organizational upheaval and personal and interpersonal crisis, organization frequently access the services of psychologist to help mitigate the long-term consequences of these occurrences. † Halgin, 2009, p . 61) 2. The claim that CISD and CISM may be one in the same; or may or may not have a definite procedure detailing it. . These seem to be just claims and there is no evidence supporting the claims. Pro: 1. That Mitchell claims CISM to be psychological debriefing, but then state â€Å"crisis intervention is a support service, not psychotherapy or a substitute for psychotherapy. (Halgin, 2009, p. 78). This claim to me states it is not psychological debriefing. 2. Mitchell’s opinion that â€Å". . . negative outcome studies represent a hodgepodge of different types of intervention which do not equate the actual CISD but which loosely use the terminology â€Å"CISD†Ã¢â‚¬ . (p. 81). This seems like a personal opinion in that it the CISD did not work due to the ones using it not following the proper protocol. I would like to see how these other programs that did not work which he calls hodgepodge to see if they did use it correctly or if he was maybe offended by it not w orking. 3.What are some of the strengths associated with the Pro side of the issue? What are some of the weaknesses? Mitchell strengths would be that he seems to be the leader in the Critical Incident Stress Debriefing, as he first wrote about it in 1983. (Halgin, 2009, p. 78). Mitchell’s response to Davilly & Cotton is what their weakness was. They response to their statements, rather than spend the time to show how critical Incident stress debriefing or critical incident stress management works in practice. I think that would have been a better response to Davilly & Cotton, so layout how it works, show examples and give some test study data. . What are some of the strengths associated with the Con side of the issue? What are some of the weaknesses? I believe the strength of Davilly and & Cotton was that they took the time to define and try to show the differences between Critical Incident Stress Debriefing and Critical Incident Stress Management. As well as defining what ps ychology debriefing entails. Their weakness would be it was how to read, it did not flow easy for the readers and somewhat confusing. Also another weakness which was pointed out by Mitchell was that they did not seem to do much deep research for other papers written on the topic. 5.How credible were the authors of each argument? Explain your answer. Davilly & Cotton when to detail on what psychological debriefing was and how there are many different forms of it with: Critical Incident Stress Debriefing and Critical Incident Stress Management. Also how these two really kind of play hand in hand and might be the same thing. Therefore it is hard to tell the difference between the two. They tried to break down how these two systems work and the outcomes of such programs. Mitchell was credible in from the first paragraph notes that â€Å"In 1983 I wrote the first article ever written on Critical Incident Stress Debriefing. . â€Å" (Halgin, 2009, p. 78). Uses the programs during an eve nt rather than after. 6. Based on the statements presented in this critical issue, which author do you agree with? Why? While both sides had concrete evidence supporting their claims; I think I would have to agree with Davilly & Cotton. But can see how both work so I do not think one is better than the other. They provided more studies and data in comparison to Mitchell who just mentioned them. I might be swayed the other way if I went and did my own research.Also Mitchell noted that they call it â€Å"Crisis intervention is a support service, not psychotherapy or substitute for psychotherapy. † (Halgin, 2009, p. 78) That sentence literally stuck with me while I read the rest of their response to Davilly and Cotton. With that statement to me it does not seem that are really using psychological debriefing. I feel that Mitchell is using a type of assessment to see who then needs to move forward with psychology debriefing. Also that critical incident stress management is a proce ss which is used doing an ongoing traumatic event such as natural disaster.Without doing my own research on the matter on the article he mentioned I cannot say he clearly defended themselves. With Mitchell’s claims on critical incident stress management provides help during an traumatic event could be helpful, but I would like to see more studies on how it has worked or hasn’t. Therefore I side with Davilly and Cotton more than Mitchell. While I do not feel psychological debriefing would work for everyone I am interested in the topic and feel more research is need to learn more about it. 7.Which side of this critical issue does contemporary research support? Please provide specific examples in your response. In my personal opinion I would think that contemporary research would support Mitchell’s claim that psychological debriefing is indeed a good thing. I think this to be true because of the being on hand during the event to help those who are facing the experi ence firsthand and how it will relay to the aftermath and how and if treatment is provide for those victims and first responders after wards.

Performance Measurement Paper

Performance Measurement Paper LaVonda Jones MGT/437 6/30/2010 Dr. Kemit Grafton Performance Measurement Paper Project managers use performance measurement to help plan, initiate, execute, and close projects that they work on. Using measures like evaluating, controlling, and budgeting helps project managers and team members monitor progress on the project. In this paper, one will compare and contrast the above measurements and discuss the importance of each within a project. Evaluating a Project Using the evaluating measure helps the project manager improve the performance of the team.They determine what the team needs so that the team may accomplish the goals set in the planning phase of the project. When the project manager evaluates a project, the manager makes sure that the goals for the project are clear. The strategies and objectives are coherent for the team to understand how they should complete a successful project. The project manager must work with the team and agree on a p lan for the project. The team will use all resources that are available to them when evaluating their project. Clarifying ground rules are necessary so that all team members are working together in the same direction.Negotiations are necessary by the team as a whole and documentation is necessary to keep written proof of project ordeals. For a project manager to efficiently evaluate their project, the project manager should keep track of past projects and use them to set the standard or determine if things are moving along on track for the new project. 2. To Control How can managers ensure their subordinates are doing the right thing. Today managers do not control their workforce mechanically (measurement of time-and-motion for control as during Taylor) However managers still use measures to control, while allowing some space for freedom in the workforce. Robert Kaplan & David Norton) Business has control bias. Because traditional measurement system sprung from finance function, the system has a control bias. Organisation create measurement systems that specify particular actions they want execute- for branch employess to take a particular ways to execute what they want- branch to spend money. Then they want to measure to see whether the employees have in fact taken those actions. Need to measure input by individual into organisation and process.Officials need to measure behavior of individuals then compare this performance with requirements to check who has and has not complied. Often such requirements are described only as guidelines. Do not be fooled. These guidelines are really requirements and those requirement are designed to control. The measurement of compliance with these requirements is the mechanism of control. 3. To Budget Budgets are crude tools in improving performance. Poor performance not always may change after applying budgets cuts as a disciplinary actions. Sometimes budgets increase could be the answer to improving performance.Like purchasi ng better technology because the current ones are outdated and harm operational processes. So decision highly influenced by circomstance, you need measures to better understand the situation. At the macro level, elected officials deciding which purpose of government actions are primary or secondary. Political priorities drive macro budgetory choices. Once elected officials have established macro political priorities, those responsible for micro decisions may seek to invest their limited allocation of resources in the most cost-effective units and activities.In allocating budgets, managers, in response to macro budget allocations (driven by political objectives), determin alloactions at the micro level by using measures of efficiency of various activities, which programs or organisations are more efficient at achieving the political objectives. Why spend limited funds on programs that do not guarantee exceptional performance? Efficiency is determined by observing performance- output and outcome achieved considering number of people involved in the process (productivity per person) and cost-data (capturing direct cost as well as indirect)

Leading your work team Essay

Difference between leadership and management Both managers and leaders have positive and some flawed qualities with any organisation. Leaders establish direction and have vision for the future. They tend to plan ahead by developing new ideas to achieve goals set out. Other qualities they have are that they drive people to exceed their own limitations, give others some responsibility by delegating some duties. Leading using these methods and communicating inspires trust from people, colleagues and employees. When trust is achieved respects is grown from each individual and vice versa, the leaders respect each individual and each person’s merits as everyone can make different contribution but on their own level. Through empowering people with involvement they create motivation and energise people to overcome some obstacles and can defiantly have a positive outcome and see a marked improvement or change with a team and or individual. But on the other hand, leadership can be flawed and sometimes can have a negative impact on a team, especially when leaders become too friendly, they try to please everyone and sometimes within an organisation this cannot be possible. It is then that a break in mutual respect, motivation and trust appears. There should always be a line between staff, leaders and managers. Management do tend to manage the processes such as timetable, budgets and actions on a day to day basis by controlling and allocating resources to maintain the status quo or ensure things happen according to already established plans. Another difference is that they rely on control and they work on solving problems but are focused people who focus on systems, policy and procedures. Decision-making is also amongst a managers strengths. Managers tend to monitor every result against each plan and if necessary will take corrective action which makes them predictable but on the other consistent and have clear defined order. However sometimes there can be an overemphasis on outcome at the expense of neglecting the people. Why leadership is important within own team? Team leader plays an important role in guiding team members and motivating them to stay focused as every member contributes to their own level to best achieve their assigned targets or goals. Every team should have a team leader who can hold his team together and extract the best out its team members. Leaders should be a role model and be such that individuals can draw inspiration from and seek advice and guidance whenever required. An effective leadership must be impartial, support one and all equally and discuss any goals that needs to set or issues on an open forum where applicable and make tram members aware of their roles and responsibilities and not impose things on their members. Within my working organisation, we have teams that consist of ten team members of which are of mixed skill levels and each team are assigned a clinical team leader. Team leaders are approachable and they should lead by example by providing what we as organisation set out to achieve which is the best p ossible care for each person we attend to regardless of our skill level within the trust. Guidance within our work base could be from anything from personal circumstances to any clinical issues that employees require assistance, guidance, reassurance or clarification of practices. This is why it is important to have a good leadership style and person within our teams, someone who is approachable and on top of their game to be able to provide support and drive the staff to work to the best of their ability. Team leaders need to recognise each team members needs and be able to help and guide each member of its team to achieve their best potential this could be organising further training, provide emotional support after some difficult clinical cases and also show some appreciation of the diisfulct and successful cases staff attend on a daily basis. Communication is vital in our work base as many new information, policy procedures is normally cascaded to each team member via team leaders and it is important that team leaders make sure that each individual knows exactly their new or enhanced responsibilities. Despite the best intention of organisations and team leaders, some leadership styles can be ineffective and for various reasons implications and impact of an ineffective leadership can affect teams morale, goals and standard set out will without a doubt be below the expected standard. Many reasons could be  too responsible such as environmental issues i.e. teams are not given adequate resources of equipment in my work place to do their job to the highest standard. Lack of recognition of good work can have a negative impact. Appreciation can be a big morale booster. Goals that are not set out clearly and lack of communication can lead to ineffective team and mistakes can happen. This could lead to everyone doing their own thing and poor relationship between team members including team leaders can lead to conflict and personality conflicts. These issues can be resolved with planning, processes and performance appraisals etc. Different leadership styles Democratic:- One of the leadership styles, which is effective and can lead to higher productivity, better contribution from team members and it is a style that can increase on teams’ morale. Reasons for this are because team members take more of a participative role in the decision-making process. This style has a positive effect when used in work place, sometimes I have to work with a new inexperienced trainee or even lower grade colleague. We discuss together where possible any issues i.e. diagnosis, treatment of patients etc. I ask them â€Å"What are their thoughts?† and get their valuable input and opinions. I find that trainees become more confident, will ask more questions and become more eager to learn new techniques, and take more responsibility. Benefits of democratic leadership are appropriate in my field of work; staff become more involved and cares more about end result. It does have its flaws, the process of consultation can turn into procrastination and if a business has urgent issues or in my work place if we have time critical patient then democratic leadership style is not a trait that is required. Democrats can’t normally work to these tight timescales. Talking to lots of people and gathering opinions take time but true democrats are unwilling to cut corners. They can also appear indecisive and unwilling to make a decision. Coercive:- This leadership style demands immediate compliance. It is more that the leader rules by fear â€Å"my way or the highway†. Coercive leaders take charge drives to achieve and have self-control but can have an overall detrimental effect on team members. This style would not be suitable in my role, as our working ethics on a day to basis is reliant on team work and a leader of this style could cause animosity between staff and leader and could possibly lead to mistakes being made on the frontline which could be catastrophic for patients. Bu these leader ships qualities could be useful when a company is in crisis or an organisation in trouble. Pacesetter style:- This leadership style sets high performance standards to all members including him. The style sounds very admirable but has more of a negative impact on members as they tend to have a problem with trusting their team. They rest on being smarter, more thorough than everyone else and can unintentionally undermine the effects of their team members. A pacesetter would have negative impact in my work place as trust in each other is required when working as a team to achieve our goals. Undermining even if unintentionally can have a negative effect on working relationships. But on the other hand can also be effective in other field of work especially if the team are highly motivated and the members’ style and competence already fit the expectations of the pacesetter. Paternalistic:- This style is by acting as a father/mother figure by taking care of their team members as a parent would their child. They receive complete trust and loyalty from their team when they lead with complete concern of their members. Teams are expected to become totally committed to what the leader believes. Relationships are solid, but can have a negative impact if the leader starts showing favouritism in decisions and could lead to breakdown of relationships. Most commonly used leadership and its effects on own team Within the organisation I work, there are a couple of main leadership styles used. As an organisation of uniformed and non uniformed public sector, and depending on the level of leadership or where in the chain of command the style vary somewhat. The higher the chain the more bureaucratic method of leading is used. They have fixed official duties under a hierarchy of authority, applying a system of rules of management and decision-making. Bureaucratic leadership can be broken down into different components which also outline the basic structure of the NHS. Fixed official duties – Accountability Authority Responsibility Hierarchy of authority – lower grades are answerable to and under supervision of level above CEO, Directors etc Technical expertise- – Medical director has a medical background as well as management. System of rules- behavioural and technical rules i.e. scope of practice – conduct and performance management, policies and procedure Written documentation – policies, procedures to help with accountability, decision-making guidance etc. However, if this style of leadership is used inappropriately then it can have negative impact, consequences causing lack of flexibility and work throughout the team from hierarchy through to the structures below. Democratic leadership style is also used within my immediate work place, especially when working with lower grade or new trainee staff during a shift. This approach encourages staff to become part of decision-making process. For example, whilst working with a new member of staff we can attend to numerous different patients with each requiring thorough can careful examination to help us be able to treat each patient to the best of our a bility. I try to encourage new staff and lower grades to become more confident and help in making decision, deciding on treatments by asking their opinions and what their thoughts are. I find this has a positive  effect on team members, improve communication, gain respect and can produce good working ethics. The leader still has full control of its members and still has final decision but it is a decision with input from team that is encouraged. But this is very time consuming and as public service we may not have time to do this, on a more personal note some patients are time critical and this leadership style would not be appropriate at that specific time as decision need to be made very quickly and make sure that team members, colleagues, patients are safe and not harmed. Laissez-faire leadership style is also commonly used in my field of work. This is a style that can be used between team leaders and its members as the leader doesn’t get involved with our day to day work and tends to leave staff to it. Team leaders need smart, dedicated and motivated team members that they can rely on to complete a task and work to the highest standard. For example, within the ambulance service during a major incident a team leader/ officer will leave paramedics to treat patients whilst he or she is outside securing and organising resources etc. They must have trusted in its team members for this to work effectively. Like many other style it can have a downfall and can be somewhat ineffective as some times teams can feel that they have no guidance or support when they are left to get on with it! Own leadership style I believe that I have a couple of leadership style and it totally depends on the situation. As long as patients are not time critical and time is on our side I think I use a coaching style leadership because it is a style that develops people by offering hands-on advice to problem solving. It can be summed up in a phrase â€Å"try this.† It works best when helping staff to build a lasting personal and professional strengths and confidence and make them more successful overall but I suppose it can be hampered if my colleagues are defiant and unwilling to learn or change. Along with coaching style I think that I adopt a bit of a democratic leading method. As we have teams of 10 members to each team leader it is a good quality in my opinion to lead in an open style, we discuss issues openly as a team and as individuals when necessary. Ideas move freely amongst the group and discussion is relatively free flowing. I believe this style is needed in our work place as it dynamic  and rapidly changing environment. The style means facilitating the conversation, encouraging staff to share their ideas, issues and opinions and using these to make the best possible decision. I can communicate very well and communicating is one of the key elements of democratic leadership where you must be able to communicate decision, information etc back to your group, this then keeps unity, good solid relationship m trust and mutual respect between leader and its members. I would like to think that leading in this way brings out an experienced, confident and professional team.